Some volcanoes erupt with such violence, expelling more magma than could fill all of Central Park to a depth of 12 kilometers, that what remains is a wide and relatively shallow crater known as a caldera. Examples of these super volcanoes include the Yellowstone caldera, the Toba caldera and the largely submerged Kikai caldera in Japan, whose last eruption occurred 7,300 years ago, in what was the largest eruption of the current geological epoch, the Holocene.
We know that these volcanoes can erupt again, but we know very little about the processes that precede an eruption and therefore we are not prepared to make predictions. “We must understand how such large volumes of magma…
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